MUS
4890
.2

Memoirs of tijc ^uscum of Comparattbc ^oblogij

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Vol. VIII. No. 1.

THE

IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODOiXATA.

Part II.— Subfamily ^SCHNINA.

By LOUIS CABOT.

MCZ

LIBRARY

APR 2 2007

, HARVARD
UNIVERSITY

WITH FIVE PLATES.

CAMBRIDGE:

?Prmtrli for tfje fHuseum.
1881.

Umoirs of tbc Ulusfum of (tomparatib* ^oo%u

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Vol. VIII. No. 1. ubIS?Y

APR 2 2007

HARVARD

THE UNIVERSITY

IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODOMTA.

Paet IL— Stjefajhily ^SCHNINA.

By LOUIS CABOT.

"WITH FIVE PLATES.

CAMBRIDGE:

?Prtntcli for tfje IHusettm.
1881.

THE

IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODONATA.

PaET II. — SUBPAMILY ^SCHNINA.

PRE FAC E,

Up to this time seven species only have been described by H. Hagen. One from
Brazil, Gynacantha spec. ; the others from Europe, Anax f ormosus ; ^schna ruf escens,
grandis, cyanea, affinis ; Brachytron pratense.

There have been figured before, —

>. Anax formosus ; Muralto ; Drury ? Evans ; Dufour.

^schna cyanea ; Swamerd ? Frisch ? Eeaumiir ; Donov ; Dufour.

-(Eschna mixta ; Eeaum ?

.iEschna grandis ; Eoesel ; De Geer ; M. Harris.

^schna rufescens ; Dufour ?

^schna constricta ; Sanborn.

In all six species, three only, however, are recognizable, and none of the figures are
accurate enough for specific determination. Of the twenty-four species now described
and figured, containing the types of the seven species described by H. Hagen and
others, there are of

Europe, nine.

America, nine ; seven from U. S. A.

Asia, four.

Africa, one.

Half of the species described were raised, viz., the nine European species and three
United States species. The actual number of described species of ^Eschnidfe has not been
exactly ascertained, but the twenty-four immature states given are about one tenth. In
the United States there are twenty-one species knowni ; of these, seven in the immature
state are given. In Europe, thirteen are known ; of these, nine in immature states are
given. To make any general remarks on the classification of Gomphina and Jilschnina
has been found impossible, until the Libellulina and Cordulina have been described.

Q PREFACE.

The following grouping is the best that can he made at present : —

Mask tlat (agreeing with Agrioniua), — all yEschnina and Gomphina (except Cordu-
legaster).

Mask, spoon-shaped (agreeing with Libellulina), — Cordulegaster.

Antennte, four-jointed and flattened, — Gomphus and Allies.

Antenna; filiform and seven-jointed, — Cordulegaster and ^Eschnina, exceptmg two
aberrant genera having six and five joints.

All legs with tarsus three-jointed, — ^schnina and Cordulegaster.

All legs with tarsus two-jomted, — Ictinus.

The two anterior pairs of legs with tarsus two-jointed, — Gomphma.

These general characters are sufficient to determine the place of any nympha.
August, 1881.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1634. Th. Moufet, Insectorum Theatrum, p. 321 and p. 322, figured a njTiipha without

agreeing description, as Scolopendra marina. The figure is recognizable only

for the genus.
1684 F. Muralto, Ephem. Natur.-e Curios. Dec. II. Ann. II. p. 194. Figured and

described as Phryganeon Perlac, the nympha of Anax formosus.
1706. Anonym, (probably W. Homberg). Observations sur I'insecte poisson, qui se

transforme en demoiselle.
Histoire Acad, des Sc. Paris, p. 9, described shortly the nympha of an ^-Esclina
and the transformation.
1730. G. L. Frisch, Beschreibung von allerlei Insecten in Teutscliland, T. VIII. pi. x.

p. 20, figured the fuU-grown nympha of a female (perhaps M. grandis or

Ji^j. cyanea), with a good description.
1732. L. Roberg, De Libella lacustri, Upsaliie 4*°, p. 9, copies the figure given by

Frisch without description.
1737. J. Swammerdam, Biblia natura?, pi. xii, f. 4, figured the nympha of probably

JE,. cyanea.

1742. De Eeaumur, Mem. Vol. VI. pi. 36, f. 3, 4, figured the nympha of ^E. mixta or

M. affinLs ; and pi. 39, f. 1-4, the nympha of M. cyanea in the act of trans-
formation. The general description and the observations are excellent, but not
sufficient for specific characters.

1743. E. Hebeustreit, de insectorum natalibus, f. cc, figured the nympha of an /Eschna.

Species not determinable.

1749. J. Roesel, Insectsnbelustigung, Vol. II. p. ii. pi. 3, f. 1-9, figured very well the
nympha of M. grandis in all stages ; and pi. 4, f. 10-12, in the act of trans-
formation. Tlie prolix description is not sufficient for specific characters.

1752. J. Bartram, Observations on the Dragonfly, or Libellula, from Pennsylvania,
Philos. Transact. London, Vol. XLVI. pp. 323 and 400, described shortly the
nympha of an ^schna and the transformation.

1770. D. Drury, Illustr. of Nat. Hist., Vol. I. pi. 47, f. 3, figured the nympha of perhaps

Anax formosus. The de.scription, p. 115, is not sufticient.

1771. Ch. De Geer, Memoires, Vol. II. pi. 19, f. 12-19, figured the nympha of M.

grandis, with a good description.

8 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1772. M. Harris, Exposition of Engl. Insects, ^\. xii., f. 3, figured the nympha of

M. grandis.
179.3. E. Donovan, the Natural History of British Insects, Vol. II. pi. 44, figured as

Libellula depressa, the nympha of iEschna (perhaps cyanea or grandis). The

figure is good, except some mmor errors.
1826. Kirby and Spence, Introduction, etc.. Vol. III. pi. 16, f. 5, figured as LibeUula,

the nympha of an ^schna. Described in letter xxx.
1830. (Eennie), Insect Transformations, p. 137, has a copy of Eoesel's transformation of

JE. grandis.
1845. W. F. Evans, British Liljellulina, pi. 1, f. 20, figured the nympha of Anax for-

mosus as j$^schna.

1852. Leon Dufour, Etudes anatom. and physiolog. sur les larves des Libellules. Ann.

sc. natur. ser. 3. Vol. XVII, pp. 65-110, pi. 3. He is the first to attempt a
systematical arrangement of the nymphte. He described and figured JE. gran-
dis (= A. formosu,s), JE. De Geerii (JE. rufescens), JE. inominata (JE. cyanea).

1853. H. A. Hagen, Stettin. Entom. Zeit. Vol. XIV., has given a review of the lit-

erature, and described seven species, — A. formosus; JE. cyanea, affinis,
rufescens, grandis ; B. pratense ; Gynacantlia spec.

1857. F. Brauer, Neuroptera Austr. pp. xiv.-xvi., gives an excellent review of the
nympluie. He had raised himself a large number of species, and to him is due
most of our knowledge about the species. The nymphie described by Hagen
were mostly communicated to him by F. Brauer.

1862. Fr. Sanborn, Tenth Ann. Eep. Mass. Board of Agric, p. 149, figured the nympha
of JE. clepsydra (= JE. constricta). The figure is reproduced in A. S. Packard's
Guide, p. 602.

1879. MLss Olga Poljetajewa, Memoirs Russian Entom. Soc, Vol. XL (in Russian lan-
guage) described the Odonata from St. Petersbourg and the nymphre of JE.
juncea, viridis, both shortly, and of ^E. grandis very detailed and complete.

General descriptions and figures are to be found in the works of Vander Linden, Char-
pentier, Burmeister, Latreille, Westwood, Lacordaire, Eambur, Stephens, Newport, New-
man, and in a large number of popular works ; but they are not detailed enough for
species or genera. Fossil njnnphiB are figured and described. The literature is given
by Heer and Hagen.

THE

IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODOXATA.

PART II. — Subfamily ^scHxmA.

.ffiSCHNINA.

Body elongated. Length from three to six times the breadth. Gills in
the end of abdomen. Head large, breadth greater than length, except in
Gynacantha, in wliicli the length is the greatest. The form of head, mostly
square, depends upon situation and form of ej^es. Eyes always large and
produced at inner hind angles in triangular lobe, separated from each other
by advanced portion of occiput, which is generally raised and cut square at
front border. The eyes vary in prominence, being least prominent in Gyna-
cantha, more so in Anax, and most prominent in ^schna; — the line behind
the eyes is sometimes straight, sometimes oblique, and sometimes curved.
Vertex divided into two parts more or less well defined ; the posterior por-
tion is generally more nearly square than the anterior, and lias generally
indications of ocelli. The anterior portion is cut straight in front, and is
generally somewhat semicircular ; both portions are about on the level of
the eyes. On each side of the vertex is an elongated polished spot, in
front of which are inserted the antennfe. Antennaj short, slender, and with
two exceptions seven-jointed. The two basal joints are globular, stouter than
the others; the third, the longest, generally longer than the two basals
taken together ; fourth usually shortest ; following joints longer. In Gyna-
cantha the sixth joint is the longest. E. Heros has onl}' six-jointed antennae ;
the last joint the longest. In the La Guayra specimen the antennae are
abnormal, being only five-jointed. Occiput rather flat, .«horter in Brachytron
than in the other described species ; sides more or less oblique, sometimes
nearly straight ; hind angles more or less rounded ; in Gynacantha forming a
sharp angle ; hind border more or less notched, approaching in some species
a straight line. That part of the head which lies before the eyes forms a

10 THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODOXATA. .

somewhat semicircular space, and consists of the following parts : a trans-
verse sliort part, representing the front of the imago, separated hy a well-
marked border from a similar space, representing the epistoma and rhinarium
joined in front to the large transverse upper lip, the front part of which is
larger than the base and has oblique sides. On each side next to the upper
lip, the base of the mandibles is visible. The mandibles, maxillEe, and tongue
offer as far as observed no special characters. Mask flat, long, covering the
mouth parts beneath, as far as upper lip; extending to between middle legs,
except in Gynacantha, in which it extends to hind legs. The fore border is
always broader than base, never more than twice as large, and the whole
mask is more or less gradually enlarged forward. Side bent up and narrowly
marginated. The middle third of fore border is produced and more or less
rounded, sometimes forms an obtuse angle, and is always cleft, generally not
deeply, — in Gynacantha more deeply, sui-mounted by a comb of small hairs ;
on each side the cleft there is sometimes a small tooth, which in Gynacantha
is strongly developed. Palpus consists of a narrow, nearly straight lobe,
either straight at tip or slightly rounded, produced at inferior angle in more
or less developed tooth, and more closely meeting the opposite one. The
inner edge is either smooth or finely denticulated ; movable hook, strong,
rounded, very sharp, somewhat bent towards the tip and genei'ally reaching
the base of opposite one, and exceptionally it either extends beyond the base
of opposite or does not quite reach it. Prothorax small, rather convex,
rounded behind, more or less produced at the sides; the stigmata are large,
open, and transverse, placed behind the prothorax and not covered by it ;
except in the La Guayra specimen, in which they are completely covered.
The sides of the prothorax are produced above the fore legs in two processes,
.more or less divided and of varying proportion to each other. The form and
size of these processes, being mostly rather distinct in form and size in the
different species, seem to aflbrd good specific characters. Analogous but less
developed processes are found above the middle legs, and indications of them
above the hind legs. Legs equally distant at base, or so nearly as not to give
any character of importance, except in the La Guayra species, in which the
hind legs are markedly more distant at base. Legs slender, not reaching tip
of abdomen ; femora and tibia? of nearly equal length ; tarsi half length of
tibi», three-jointed; — basal joint very short; claws strong, bent, sharp.
Thorax comparatively small. Wing cases large, reaching fourth segment
or beyond.

THE nillATURE STATE OF THE ODOXATA. H

Abdomen large, long, more or less tapering, more than half length of
body, rounded above, fiat beneath. Segments of equal length, tenth always,
and occasional!}' the ninth shorter, no dorsal spines except in the La Guayra
species. Lateral spines always on segments seven to nine, generally on .six to
nine, and exceptionally on five to nine and four to nine. AiTjjendages as long or
longer than the tw^o last segments ; inferiors long, sharp, triangular ; middle ap-
pendage generally a little shorter, notched at tip, — sometimes of equal length,
with undivided or split tip. Lateral superiors cylindrical, generally shorter,
exceptionally as long and sharp as inferiors. Male has on the basal portion of
middle appendage a triangular projection ; .short, sometimes cut at tip. Gen-
itals not very distinctly marked ; on ventral segments two, three, and nine.
Female valve is visible on sejrment nine, sometimes reachino; end of segment.

The whole body is either smooth, or has a granulated appearance, which is
due to microscopical spines and small holes, sometimes with flattened yellow
or pale colored hairs of differing size, never however such as to give a hairj'
look. The La Guayi'a species is distinguished by its stronglj' sculptured ap-
pearance. Generally, the occiput has on each side the median line a polished
depression, and on the hind angles a series of parallel polished bands, sepa-
rated by narrow rough lines. The abdomen has on each segment, less*
distinct on the first and apical segments, eight polished impressions ; two
near the median line and two on the edge of abdomen on each side. Color
pale gray, sometimes darker or brownish black.

There are frequently black spots on occiput, and the sides near the eyes
are sometimes bordered with black. Legs have frequently darker rings on
femora and tibite, sometimes on. tarsi. Abdomen has sometimes a broad
dorsal band, pale in color, divided in centre by a band which is darker, except
along the median line, which is again pale. Appendages have the tip some-
times darker than the basal part.

G-YNACANTHA.

Eambur, Hist, des Xeuropteres, p. 209.

Body elongated, very slender, flattened. Length of head greater than
breadth. Occiput deeply notched at base ; sides straight, forming right angle
with base. Ej-es narrow in proportion, two thirds length of head, not prom-
inent, broadest in middle, not much produced at inner angles. Antennas
seven-jointed ; sixth joint longest. Mask extending between hind legs, very

12 THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODONATA.

long, narrow, middle third of front border somewhat produced in two triangu-
lar lobes, rather deeply cleft ; on each side of cleft highly developed spinous
processes. Legs very slender. Processes enclosing right angle ; posterior
longer, anterior thicker. Abdomen long ; lateral spines on segments six to
nine. Appendages sharp, middle one as long as the inferiors, not dee^^ly
notched ; laterals somewhat shorter, male projection conical.

1. GYNACANTHA? SPECIES.

Plate III. Fio. 2.
Hagen, Stettin Zeit. XIV. p. 268.

Locality unknown, probably Brazil. Nympha^ two, male and female not
fully grown, types described by Hagen. Length, 42 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm.
A smaller nympha from Charleston, S. C, and one from Florida, and some 25
mm. length from Rio San Francisco, Brazil, Thayer Exp., are identical.

Body exceptionally slender and elongated, flat. Head very flat, and
longer than Inroad. Eyes elongated, two thirds the length of head, narrow,
moderately prominent, at the hind inner angles somewhat produced ; sepa-
rated from occiput by straight line. Ocelli hardly discernible, space between
the eyes in general shape almost square. The two parts of the vertex are
not very distinctly marked. The lobe at the sides large and polished ; jjart
behiud the eyes one third the length of head; sides straight; occiput long
and deeply notched ; hind angles acute, and Avith polished bands separated
by roughened lines on upper side. Antenna? very slender, little longer than
head, exceptional in hoving the sixth joint longest. Mask extending to be-
tween hind legs, very long and narrow, enlarged abruptly at apical third
to twice the width of basal portion ; middle third of front border deeply
cleft, into two very prominent teeth, placed one on each side on the inner
slope of the cleft. Palpus finely denticulated, cut nearly straight at tip ;
hooks of palpus pi^olonged so as to more than meet ; movable hooks extending
beyond the base of each other, cylindrical. Prothorax nearly as broad as back
part of head, rounded behind. Processes enclosing right angle, posterior
one longer, anterior thicker. Legs slender, hind legs reaching middle of
seventh segment. Thorax small ; wing cases in the largest specimen, extend-
ing only a little be^'ond first segment. Abdomen long, slender, small at base
and enlarged as fiir as seventh segment ; thence tapering, smooth ; the eight
impressions not very distinct. The four middle ones, transverse ; dorsal band

THE IJIMATURE STATE OF THE ODOXATA. 13

darker on posterior segments, not well marked on the anterior ones. Side
border somewhat projecting. Segments six to nine have lateral spines. Ap-
pendages nearly equal in length to segments nine and ten, sharp of nearly
equal length, lateral superiors a little shorter; lateral inferiors longest ; middle
appendage very slightly notched. Male projection triangular, one third of
length of middle appendage. Female valve distinguishable in young specimen.
The determination is by supposition ; no species living both in South Caro-
lina and Brazil Ijeing known ; indeed no species of Gynacantha is known
in the United States. This is, however, not of so much importance, as Baron
de Selys has described a species from Mexico. The nympha plainly belongs
to jEschnina, and its abnormal shape strongly points to Gynacantha ; at least
no other genus so abnormal is known. The different species of Gynacantha
are very similar and are widely sjiread ; and as a species is described from
Mexico and three from Cuba, one may also be found in South Carolina ; this
is even more probable by one full-grown female nympha, -iO mm. length,
received from Haskinsville, St. John's River, Florida.

ANAX.

Leach, Edinboro' Encyclopaedia, 1S17. XI. p. 1, 137.

The largest of the ^schnina. Head large, flat, breadth greater than
length. Eyes large, forming two thirds of head, prominent, broadest at
posterior portion, much produced at inner angle. Antenna? have third joint
longest. Occiput rounded at hind angles. Mask extending to middle leg.s,
produced at middle third of front border in short, roimded, cleft lobe. Legs
very, slender. Abdomen large, lateral spines on segments seven to nine.
Appendages long, sharp ; middle one notched at tip. Male projection short,
cut straight at tip.

2. ANAX FORMOSUS.

Plate I. Fig. 1.

Selys, Eevue des Odonates, p. 110.

Nympha, male and female, in alcohol and dry; one male just half trans-
formed. Length, 52 nun. ; breadth, 10 mm. Locality, Vienna, Austria,
raised bj^ Dr. F. Brauer ; Silesia, Schneider. Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.

Head very Hat, rather broader than long. Eyes large, more prominent

14 THE IMMATUEE STATE OF THE ODONATA.

than in A. Junius, separated from occiput by nearly straight line. Posterior
part of vertex has indication of ocelli. Elongated elevations outside of
vertex, large and marked. Antennte small, similar to jEschna. Occiput
short, hind angle rounded with indistinct bands on upper side, notch
of hind border rather shallow. Mask long, extending to between middle
legs, narrow, gradually enlarged forward. Middle third produced in rounded
lobe, cleft, with comb of hairs. Palpus meeting opposite one ; narrow, cut
straight at end, with lower angle produced in short tooth, finely denticu-
lated ; movaljle hook, sharp bent, reaching base of opposite one. Pro-
thorax as broad as occiput, rather short. Stigmata behind the prothorax
vnicovered. Processes nearly equal in length, short, blunt, enclosing right
angle, posteriors largest. Legs long, slender, nearly cylindrical, hind legs
longest, reaching end of segment eight. Femora longer than tibijB ; tarsi
about one half length of tibia?; apical joint making one half of tarsus;
claws strong, sharp, bent ; thorax comparatively small. Wing cases reaching
nearly to segment five. Abdomen rather small at base, gradually enlarged
to segment seven ; thence tapering, rounded above, each segment with eight
impressions. Dorsal band dark, interrupted throughout its length by paler
line ; lateral paler bands on each side ; margin of abdomen darker, indis-
tinctly marked with paler linear spots. Strong lateral spines on segments
seven to nine ; that on ninth as long as segment ten. Segments of equal
length, tenth shorter. Inferior appendages long, sharp, as long as two last
segments ; middle one shorter tlian inferiors, notched ; lateral superiors
cylindrical, sharply pointed, half as long as middle one ; male pi'ojection
very small, cut square at tip, less than one half the length of laterals : fe-
male valve two thirds of segment nine, small. Nymphce described are types
of H. Hagen, Stett. Zeit. XIV. p. 268, and F. Brauer, Neur. Austr. p. xvi.
Dr. Hagen considers this species to be the " yEschna grandis " described by
L. Dufour, An. Nat. Ser. 3, X'/II. p. 69, pi. 3, f 1. The younger nymphaj
from Vienna, mentioned by H. Hagen, Stett. Zeit. XIV. p. 267, as belong-
ing perhaps to Anax Parthenope, prove to be young specimens of Anax
formosus.

3. ANAX MAURICIANUS.

Eambur, Xeuropteres, p. 1S4.

Nympha, male and female, dry, full-grown, and young. Length, 46 mm. ;
breadth, 10 mm. ; the smallest young, length, 26 mm. Locality, Mauritius

THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODOXATA. 15

Island, Mr. Pike, one full-grown male and two yonnger ones in alcohol, to-
gether with some imagos. Zanzibar, Mr. C. Cooke, ten specimens, male and
female, in alcohol ; length, 23 to 26 mm.

Very similar to A. formosus ; differing by the two processes above the first
legs, more blunt, enclosing an obtuse angle ; mask narrower, the apical third
more suddenly enlarged ; middle appendage longer, nearly as long as the
inferiors.

I had at first the specimens from Zanzibar, considered to Ijelong to A.
formosus, and the young ones are indeed similar to this species. One male,
3i mm. long, does not show the male projection ; the smallest, 26 nun. long,
has the wing cases just covering the first segment. Apparentlj^, the char-
acters are not so well expressed in the young ones ; and I consider them
probably belonging to A. Mauricianus, though this species is not yet received
from Zanzibar.

4. ANAX JUNIUS.

Plate I. Fig. 2.
Drury; Hagen, Synops. N. Amer. Neur. p. 118.

Nympha, male and female, dry and in alcohol. Length, 40 to 52 mm.;
breadth, 10 mm. Locality, Springfield, Mass. ; Boston and Cambridge,
Mass. ; Amherst, N. H. ; Caledonia Creek and Crown Point, N. Y., Mr.
J. A. Lintner ; New Jersey ; Detroit, Mich., Mr. IL J. Hubbard, a large
number, young and full-grown ; Charleston, S. C. ; Pilichody, Mobile, Ala. ;
St. Louis, Mo., Mr. Ch. V. Riley, Kentucky; N. Mexico; Port de France,
Martinique. Coll. Mus. Comp. Zocil.

Very similar to Anax formosus. Differs in having the palpus not so
straight at tip, witli stronger end hooks ; processes more obtuse, and enclos-
ing an obtuse angle, of same size and shape ; lateral appendages having the
lower end more abruptly pointed tban A. Ibruiosus, in which it is tajiering.
Male projection notclied at tip. Very young specimens, 16 mm. long, from
Springfield and from Detroit, have the palpus cut straight at tip ; wing cases
covering first segment. Besides the numerous specimens in alcohol, there
are three raised by Mr. Ch. V. Riley and Mr. S. Henshaw.

Several specimens from San Diego, Cal., differ in having two black teeth
in the middle of tlie comb of the front border of the mask, and the abdo-
men more bul]<v and broader. From the same locality and from the same
collection A. validus was received. Nevertheless, it seems very doubtful

16 THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODONATA.

tliat nymphaa very similar to those of A. Junius should belong to the gi-
gantic and very different A. validus.

A specimen in alcohol from New Mexico, Dr. Yarrow, differs by a shorter
and broader mask. Perhaps it belongs to a new, still unknown species.

A very young specimen in alcohol from Key West Island, Florida, Mr.
Garman, differs by a large head and very long legs. Perhaps it belongs to
A. longipes.

5. ANAX JULIUS.

Brauer, Voyage of the " Novara," p. 63.

Seven nympha?, male and female, in alcohol and dry. Length, from 28
to 50 mm ; breadth, from 6 to 10 mm. Coll. Mus. Comp. Zoul. Locality,
Kanagava, Japan.

Very similar to the other forms of Anax. Processes as in A. Jmiius.
Lateral appendages as in A. formosus. Male projection short, blunt ; indica-
tion of notch at tip. In full-grown female, wing cases reaching segment
five ; palpus somewhat larger at tip, straighter, superior angle very little
rounded ; female valve, two thirds of ninth segment.

The nymphaj were received, together with the imago. No other species
is known from Japan.

6. ANAX GUTTATUS.

Burm. Hdh. T. II. p. 340.

Twelve nymphae, male and female, nearly full-grown, and j'oung, in
alcohol. Length, 60 to 40 mm. ; breadth, 6 to 10 mm. Coll. Mus. Comp.
Zoi)l. Locality, Ebon, Marshall Island, Pacific Ocean, Rev. B. G. Snow.

Longer and less broad than the other species. Mask reaching the base
of hind legs, narrow, more than four times longer than the breadth of base,
gradually enlarged forward; front margin rounded, cleft; palpus narrowed
to tip, superior angle obtuse, rounded ; lower angle forming a very strong
tooth ; processes unequal, upper part blunt, lower part smaller, angular
behind ; enclosing a very obtuse angle, with a smaller median notch. Legs
slender, long. Inferior appendages longer than the two last segments ;
lateral appendages sharj^ly pointed ; male projection narrow at tip. cut
square ; female valve small, half as long as the segment.

The nymphs were received, together with the imago. The supposed
identity is probable.

THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODOXATA. 17

7. ANAX AMAZILI.

Burm. Hdb. II. p. 841.

Nyinplia, fall-grown, male and female, dry ; one in alcohol. Length, 53
to 58 mm.; breadth, 10 mm. Localit}-, Jamaica, Mr. H. J. Hubbard; Central
America.

Similar to A. Jmiius, but considerably longer, though not broader ; the
mask four times longer than broad at the base (little more than three times
longer in A. Junius) ; palpus cut straight at tip, with strong hook ; proc-
esses above the first legs of equal size and length, enclosing a very obtuse
angle; lateral appendages sharply pointed (in A. Junius dilated internally to
the abruptly pointed tip) ; basal projection of the middle appendage of the
male narrowed on tip and notched, about one third as long as the lateral
appendages (broad on tip and emarginated, half as long as the lateral ap-
pendages in A. Junius).

A. Amazili is known from Cuba and Barbados, not yet from Jamaica j but
there is no other species of Anax known from the Antilles.

8. ANAX SPECIES.

Nymphie, full-grown and young, male and female in alcohol. Length, 20
to 42 mm. ; breadth, 9 mm. Locality, Holy tank at Ibanca, East Lidia,
Rev. M. Carleton.

Similar to A. Junius. Processes more blunt ; posterior smaller, enclosing
an obtuse angle. Mask longer, the front margin less promineiit, more
rounded. Palpus narrowed at tip, upper angle rounded, lower one produced
in a strong oblique end hook, below finely denticulated. Appendages, as in
A. Juniu.s, abruptly pointed, moi'e so at tlie male ; projection of male slightly
notched at tip.

The determination of the species is not possible. One, A. immaculifrons,
was received by Rev. M. Carleton, though not from the same locality. A.
Bacchus, perhaps identical with A. Parthenope, lives in the sub-Himalaya ;
and A. perplexus Hagen, from Kooloo Valley, Himalaya, was received by
Rev. M. Carleton ; both sexes. Perhaps the nympha) belong to the latter
undescribed species.

18 THE IMMATUEE STATE OF THE ODONATA.

^SCHNA.

Fabricius, Syst. Entom.

Body stout in proportion. Head, breadth twice the length, flat. Eyes
large, very prominent, rounded forward, prolonged at inner angles in en-
larged lobe. AntennaB have third joint longest. Mask extends to middle
legs, large, broad ; front border produced in short rounded lobe, cleft at
middle. Legs longer and stouter than Anax. Abdomen broader ; lateral
spines on segment five or six to nine. Appendages long, sharp ; middle one
notched at tip ; laterals shorter than middle one. Male projection conical;
female valve reaching tip of segment.

9. iESCHNA RUFESCENS.

Plate V. Fig. 4.

Vander Linden ; Selys, Eevue des Odonates, p. 129.

Nympha skins, male and female. Length, 40 to 44 mm. ; breadth, 9 mm.
Locality, Vienna, Austria. Raised by Dr. Brauer ; Lueneburg, Mr. Heyer ;
Koenigsberg, H. Hagen.

Stout. Head large, flat, broader than long. Eyes large, very prominent,
separated from occiput by nearly straight line. Occiput short, hind angles
rounded and with polished bands on upper side ; a polished spot on each
side of the median line ; hind border notched. Ocelli indicated. Anterior
portion of vertex semicircular. Antennas short, not extending beyond the
eyes ; seven-jointed, third joint longest. Mask extending between middle
legs, stout ; length greater than breadth ; enlarged gradually forward ;
middle third somewhat produced ; cleft in middle, with comb of hairs.
Palpi broad, straight, cut square at end and produced only slightly in end
hooks, finely denticulated. Movable hooks sharp and bent, thin, just reach-
ing the base of their opposite. Prothorax not as broad as occiput, hind bor-
der rounded. Processes enclosing an acute angle, anterior one half length
of posterior, both sharp. Legs rather slender, hind legs longest, extending
to eighth segment; femora somewdiat arcuated; two faintly-marked pale
rings on lower portion of femora. Wing cases extending to fourth segment.
Abdomen stout, very convex above, tapering from the middle to the tip,
smooth ; two parallel dark dorsal bands best defined at beginning of seg-
ments. Lateral spines on segments six to nine, strong, last shorter than
segment ten. Appendages sharp, long as the last two segments; lateral

THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODOXATA. 19

inferiors longest, lateral superiors two thirds the length of middle, middle
nearly or quite straight at tip. Male projection stout, blunt, triangular,
angular, half length of lateral superior appendages. Female ventral valve
reaches end of segment. The described nympha^ are the types of Hagen
Stettin Zeit. XIV. p. 267. Brauer, Neuropt. Austr. p. xvi.

JE. De Geerii Dufour, Ann. se. nat. ser. 3, XYII. p. 09, pi. 3, fig. 3, is
apparently this species. L. Dufour has overlooked the small lateral spine on
segment 6.

10. ^SCHNA GRANDIS.

Plate II. Fig. 1.

LiniicTus. Selys, Eevue des Odonates, p. 131.

Nympha skins. Length, 44 mm ; breadth, 9 mm. Locality, Lueneburg,
Mr. Heyer; Koenigsberg, Hagen.

Dr. Hagen observed the transformation of this species more than thirty
years ago. The specimens are, however, no longer in his collection. A
large number of nympha skins sent him by M. Heyer, imassorted, as JE.
grandis and JE. viridis, were easily distinguishable as two species, but it
could not be determined which were JE. grandis and which JE. viridis. Two
specimens, both labelled JE. viridis, pinned during transformation, were sent
by M. Heyer ; but of these one has only the head developed, and the other
the parts only as far as the metathorax ; and, as the color and shape are not
fully shown, they can neither of them be considered as fully determined.
These latter specimens, seeming probably JE. viridi.s. Dr. Hagen refers the
other nympha skins, whi<'h were sent before and were similar, to ^E. viridis ;
those dissimilar to ^. grandis.

Very similar to JE. rufescens ; hind angles of occiput more sloping, line
])ack of eyes more curved, palpus more convex and narrower. Processes
different, of equal length, more widely separated, anterior thinner, somewhat
bent outward at tip. Appendages different; middle shorter in proportion to
inferiors than in JE. rufescens. Lateral superiors about one half length of
middle. Male projection shorter, tip sharper. This species is more brightly
colored than JE. rufescens. Abdomen brownish, dorsal band broad and dark,
divided by a light median line. The nympha^ described are the t^yjies of
Hagen, Stettin Zeit. XIV. p. 2G8, and F. Brauer. Neur. Austr. p. xvi.

Miss Olga Poljetajewa has raised this species, and fully described the
nympha in Horne Boss, St. Petersburg. 1879, 5, p. 15. The description
confirms the identity with the above-described nymphai.

20 THE IxMMATURE STATE OF THE ODOXATA.

11. ^SCHNA CYANEA.

Plate IV. Fig. 3.
Miieller. Selys, Eevue des Odonate.?, p. 115.

Nympha?, in alcohol and skin.s, male and female. Length, 48 mm.;
breadth, 9 mm. Locality, Vienna. Raised by F. Braner ; Lueneburg, i-aised
by M. Heyer; raised by Prof. Rosenhauer, Erlangen, Bavaria.

Body elongated and slender. Head large, flat, narrow behind. Eyes
large, prominent, globular, occupying half the head ; inner hind angles much
produced. Line between occiput and eyes curved. Sides of head oblique,
hind angles rounded. Occiput notched ; on each side of median line a pol-
ished spot, on upper side of hind angles polished bands separated by rough-
ened lines. Vertex, antennae, and mouth parts as in ^E. rufescens. Head
grayish, with paler band at sides ; a pale spot on each side the median line
of occiput. Mask extending between the middle legs ; narrow at base, one
half width of front boi'der. Middle third of front border somewhat pro-
duced, at very obtuse angle, cleft with a comb of hairs. Palpi meeting
broad, cut straight at ends, and produced very slightly into end hooks.
Movable hooks sharp and thin, reaching base of the opposite one. Piotho-
rax small, as broad as back part of occiput, ash gray at each side, pale at
border. Processes short, scabrous, enclosing a little more than a right angle;
anterior shortest ; legs slender, hind legs reaching eighth segment. Femora
and tibise ringed with two darker bands. Thorax not very large ; wing cases
reaching fourth segment. Abdomen long, slender, enlarged gradually to
beyond the middle, thence tapering, grayish ; dorsal band dark, divided by
paler band ; a pale band on each side of dorsal band. Segments of aljout
equal length, except tenth, which is shorter. Lateral spines on segment six
to nine. Inferior appendages as long as two last segments, triangular, sharp ;
lateral superiprs one half length of inferiors. Middle appendage notched ;
male projection conical, rather enlarged at base, shorter than lateral appen-
dages. The whole body finely granulated with what aj^pears, when highly
magnified, to be spines pointing backward, and with short yellow hairs
inserted behind them. Genital parts of the male indicated, those of the
female extending somewhat beyond the ninth segment.

The nymphae described are types of Hagen, Stettin Zeit. XIV. p. 266 ;
and F. Brauer, Neur. Austr. p. xvi. ^Eschna iunoniinata, Dufour, Ann. se.
nat. ser. 3, XVII. p. 69, pi. 3, f. 5, is apparently JE. cyanea.

THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODONATA. 21

12. ^SCHNA JUNCEA.

Plate IV. Fig. 1.
Linnseus; Selys, Eevue des Odonates, p. 116.

Three nymphae, male and female, skins, by M. Heyer ; five from J. Boll.
Length, 44 m. ; breadth, 8 mm. Locality, Lueneburg, Zurich. Five n3-mpha3
raised by Mr. J. Boll, Switzerland.

Very similar to JE. cyanea, a little shorter. Processes strikingly differ-
ent. Anterior only half as large as posterior and much smaller. Granula-
tion, color of legs, body, and appendages as in JE. cyanea. The lateral
appendages are more slender and more pointed, and the hind angles of
occiput more rounded than in JE. grandis.

The imago has been raised, and the nympha shortly described, by Miss
Olga Poljetajewa, 1. c. p. 15.

13. iESCHNA VIRIDIS.

Plate V. Fig. 5.
Eversmann. Selys, Eevue des Odonates, p. 127.

Nympha skins, male and female ; and full-grown nympha, dry. Locality,
Lueneburg, M. Heyer ; Koeingsberg, H. Hagen. Length, 42 mm. ; breadth,
9 mm.

Similar to JE. rufescens, more slender. Head narrower behind; hind
angles of occiput more rounded. Sides of head not so straight. Mask
somewhat shorter and broader. Palpus narrower, more convex. Processes
nearly equal length, enclosing nearly a right angle ; tips bent outward.
Abdomen more slender, imcolored ; lateral spines on segments six to nine.
Middle appendage shorter and more notched than in ^E. rufescens ; latei'al
superiors short, one lialf length of middle one ; male projection nearly as
long as the lateral superiors, conical, tip rather sharp.

The species was raised by Miss Olga Poljetajewa, 1. c. p. 15. She says the
nympha is very similar to JE. juncea, except that the lateral spines of abdo-
men are developed as well as in ^E. grandis.

14. .ffiSCHNA MIXTA.

Plate V. Fig. 2.
Latreille ; Selys, Eevue des Odonates, p. 122.

Nympha skins, male and female, raised by M. Heyer. Length, 33 mm. ;
breadth, 7 mm. Locality, Lueneburg.

22 THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODONATA.

Similar to JE. cyanea. Body shorter, and stouter in proportion. Head
flatter. Eyes larger and more prominent, separated from occiput by nearly
straight line. Vertex more in the same plane with the eyes. Occiput
shorter and straighter behind. Bands on hind angles less marked ; color
grayish; a pale elongated spot on each side of median line, and a narrow
pale band on hind angle, often scarcely discernible. Mask long, extending
through middle legs, gradually enlarged ; front border a little more than
twice width of base; middle third of front border somewhat produced and
rather widely cleft, with comb of hairs. Palpus broad, rounded at upper
angle, and produced in very short black teeth at lower angles; denticulatiou
beneath discernible ; movable hook, reaching the base of opposite one.
Prothorax as broad as back part of occiput, rounded behind. Processes
stout and blunt, not much separated, anterior more contracted. Legs very
slender ; hind legs extending to ninth segment, ash-gray ; femora with two
pale rings. Wing cases extending to middle of fifth segment. Abdomen
short, stout, tapering from seventh segment; dorsum very convex; finely
granulated as in JE. cyanea, but with whitish hairs ; color grayish ; each seg-
ment with eight darker impressed spots, four on middle and two on each
side near margin. Segments of nearly equal length, except tenth, which is
half as long; lateral spines on segments six to nine; that of ninth nearly
as long as tenth segment. Inferior appendages as long as two last segments,
triangular, sharp; middle appendage notched, not so long as inferiors; lat-
eral superiors rather more than half length of middle one, cylindrical, slen-
der, and sharp. Male projection conical, rather sharp, nearly as long as lateral
superiors. Male genital parts slightly marked ; female valve extending some-
what beyond nintli segment.

15. ^SCHNA AFFINIS.

Plate V. Fig. 3.
Vander Linden ; Selys, Revue des Odonates, p. 124.

Nympha, male, i-aised by F. Brauer. Length, 33 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm.
Locality, Vienna.

Similar to JE. mixta. More slender in proportion. Eyes not so large or
prominent. Occiput more i-ounded. Mask shorter and broader in propor-
tion, extending through middle legs, enlarged gradually forward, so that
front border is twice as broad as base ; middle third not so produced as in
JE. mixta, and finely cleft, with a comb of hairs. Palpus broad and straight

THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODONATA. 23

at ends, and more nearly meeting than in JEi. mixta. Movable hooks as in
JEi. mixta. Prothorax similar to ^E. mixta. Processes blunt, depression be-
tween them very shallow, of nearly equal size. Abdomen more slender,
iron gray; the whole insect of this color; dorsal band darker, interrupted by
lighter spots. Lateral spines on segments five to nine, that on fifth very small.
Spine of ninth shorter than tenth segment. Finely granulated ; hairs pale,
and when present finer and shorter than in mixta. Appendages similar,
except lateral superiors, only half as long as middle one, somewhat longer
than male projection. The nympha described is the type of Hagen, Stettin
Zeit. XIV. p. 267 ; and F. Brauer, Neur. Austr. p. xvi.

16. .ffiSCHNA EREMITICA.

Plate II. Fig. 2.
Scudder, Proc. Boston N. H. Soc. XI. p. 213.

Nymphae, male and female, skins, and some not full-grown, in alcohol.
Length, 39 to 47inin. ; breadth, lUmm. Locality, mouth of Red River of
the North; Hermite Lake, White Mountains, New Hampshire, Mr. Sanborn;
Minnesota. Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.

Similar in general shape to vE. rufescens. Head much larger, remark-
ably large in proportion. Eyes large and prominent. Occiput not very
deeply notched behind; sides oblique, and rounded at hind angles; three
polished spots on middle ; polished bands on hind angles. Antennae, third
joint nearly as long as first and second ; fourth, about one half third ; other,
somewhat longer. Mask broad, passing through middle legs, gradually en-
larged forAvard ; base more than half width of front border ; middle third
produced in small rounded lol)e, cleft and with comb of hairs. Palpus cut
straight at end ; rather flat, nearly or quite smooth. End hooks short ;
moval^le hook bent, sharp, reaching base of opposite one. Prothorax as
broad as hind part of occiput. Legs slender, hind legs reaching ninth seg-
ment. Femora with dark ring on lower part. Processes long, of equal
length, sharp, enclosing somewhat less than right angle, a little bent out-
ward. Win": cases reachina; sesjment five. Abdomen rather broad ; enlaro-ed
gradually to seventh segment, thence tapering rather abrupth-. Segments
with four dorsal and foiu- lateral darker .spots, and two polished impressions
on each side ; tenth segment shortest. Lateral spines on segments five to
nine, that on ninth nearly as long as tenth segment. All segments finely

24 THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODONATA.

granulated. Appendages longer than two last segments ; sharp, middle one
a little shorter than inferiors, deeply notched ; lateral superiors cylindrical,
sharp, nearly two thirds as long as middle one. Female valve not quite
reaching end of segment nine. Male projection conical, rather sharp, a
little shorter than lateral superiors. The two male specimens are not fully
developed in these parts, being only 30 and 33 mm. long. A fall-grown fe-
male specimen from Minnesota, 47 mm. long, belongs apparently to this
species. The determination seems to be justified, as Mr. Sanborn found
nympha3 and imago at the same place. Hermit Lake, in middle of July.

17. ^SCHNA CONSTRICTA.

Plate III. Fig. 1.
Say. Hagen, Synopsis N. American Neur, p. 123.

Nymphoe, two full-grown, in alcohol. Length, 41mm.; breadth, 7 mm.
Locality, Shooley's Mountain, Pa. ; Boston, Mass., raised hy Mr. S. Henshaw.
Coll. Mus. Conip. Zool.

Similar to JE. eremita. Longer and more slender in proportion. Head
very similar. Mask narrower at base, more abruptly enlarged at apical
third. Palpus finely denticulated, tip cut straight. Processes similar to
JE. eremitica, not so long nor so sharp, the anterior less bent, the posterior a
little larger. Legs similar in shape, shorter in proportion ; hind legs not
reaching segment eight. Granulation on abdomen very fine. Lateral spines
on segments six to nine, an indication on fifth. Ninth segment half length
of tenth. Inferior appendages as long as two last segments, very sharp ;
middle one not so long as inferiors ; deeply notched ; lateral superiors
more than half length of middle one, cylindrical and abruptly sharpened.
Male projection conical, somewhat shorter than lateral superiors, sharp.
Hairs among granulation, small, yellowish.

Two full-grown female nympha?, one fi-om Maryland, the other without
locality, and a small male seem to belong to tliis species. Male, in alcoliol,
from Lake Champlain, is sufficiently like to be placed in this species. Some-
what less slender, darker in color ; two black rings on femora and tibiaa and
on end of tarsal joints.

A very small nympha from Bethel, Me., and some younger ones from
Cambridge, Mass., are colored in the same manner. Abdomen in many
specimens dark, varied with short linear spaces of paler color and with large

THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODONATA. 25

black rings on femora and tibia^. Tlils n^'mpba is figured by Mr. F. San-
born, Eeport Mass. Board of Agricult., 1862, p. 149, and copied in A. S.
Packard's Guide, p. 602. Mr. Sanborn stated it to be the nympha of one of
the most common species, and Mr. Packard considered that it belonged to
JE. constricta or ^E. clepsydra. The type of Mr. F. Sanborn's figure is in
his collection of nymphsB.

A full-grown nympha from Sitka, Northwest America, belongs perhaps
to JE. Sitkensis. It is in bad condition, and is not figured, but is very sim-
ilar to' the above described sjDCcies.

Three nympha?, supposed to belong to JE. clepsydra, multicolor, and ver-
ticalis were not described. None of them is full-grown.

18. iESCHNA SPECIES.

Plate IV. Fig. 2.

Nymphfe, male and female, very young to full-grown. Length, 20 to
57 nun. ; breadth, 9 mm. Locality, Himalaya, Kooloo, and Sutledge River.
Eev. M. Carleton.

Similar to Anax ; very long, but narrow ; third joint of antennae about as
Jong as the following together. Processes blunt ; posterior more prominent,
enclosing an obtuse angle. Mask cleft wider, with a small black tooth on
each side. Palpus cut straight at tip, upper angle sharp and lower one pro-
duced in a strong end hook ; below finely denticulated. Lateral appendages
half leugtli of middle one, abruptly pointed. Male projection .shorter, con-
ical. Femora with dark rings before the lower end. Abdomen not very
thickly covered with spinous tubercles.

No imago arrived with the nymphte. Perhaps they belong to JE. ampla.

19. ^SCHNA SPECIES.

Plate I. Fig. 4.

Nine nympha^, male and female, full-grown and young, in alcohol.
Length, 45 mm. ; breadth, 9 mm. Locality, Rio San Francisco and Carun-
dahi,Rio do Macacos; one male nympha from Reajinha River, near Corpo de
Pompo, from Barbacena, Brazil. Thaj'cr Expedition. Coll. Mus. Comp.
Zool.

Full-grown and very young nympha;, 24 mm. long, wing cases not reach-
ing first segment, from Rio do Macacos have appendices similar.

26 THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODOXATA.

Similar to iEsclma grandis, stout. Eyes rather large and more prom-
inent. Ocelli indicated. Antenna? very small ; third joint length of first
and second and twice as long as fourth. Occiput more deeply notched than
in iEschna grandis, sides oblique and rounded ; a number of polished bands
on upper side. Mask extending to between middle legs, broad, enlarged
gradually forward, middle third produced in short rounded lobe, cleft, sides
of cleft rounded and on each side a small black tooth. Palpus denticulated,
cut straight at tip, movable hook extending somewhat beyond base of oppo-
site one. Prothorax rounded behind ; processes sharp, enclosing rather less
than right angle ; posterior nearly tw'ice as long as anterior, and bent back-
ward. Legs rather slender ; femora arcuated ; hind legs reaching middle of
seventh segment. Abdomen broad and stout, rather densely covered with
short yellow hairs ; dorsal band dark ; lateral spines on segments six to nine,
spine on ninth shorter than tenth segment. Appendages rather longer than
two last segments, very sharp ; lateral superiors nearly as long as inferiors,
very sharp; middle appendage somewhat shorter and deeply notched. Male
projection conical, rather sharp, one half length of middle appendage. Fe-
male valve reaching somewhat beyond ninth segment. This species cannot
be determined. It may perhaps belong to a peculiar group named Ura-
cantha by De Selys. To this group belong ^schna Januaria, Hagen's Sy-
nopsis, iEschna castor, Brauer, Voyage of Novara, and two or three species
not yet described.

Two nympluB frona Rio Janeiro, Brazil, are similar, but belong probably
to a related but different species.

BRACHYTRON.

Evaus, British LibeUulina, p. 22.

Body elongated, lateral spines on segments six to nine, slender. Head
rather small and convex ; base of occiput narrow. Eyes small in proportion.
Front border of mask produced in oblique angle, cleft ; no teeth. Legs
rather short. Appendages short ; middle one somewhat shorter than in-
feriors, cut at tip; laterals short. Male projection conical; female valve not
reaching tip of segment.

THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODONATA. 27

20. BRACHYTRON PRATBNSE.

Plate V. Fig. 1.
Mueller. Selys, Eevue Odonates, p. 115.

Nyniplia skins, male and female. Length, .39 to 42 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm.
Locality, Vienna, raised by F. Brauer; raised by Mr. Heyer, Lueneburg;
Danzig, by Mr. Brischke ; Silesia from Charpentier.

Long and slender. Head smaller in proportion than in the other Euro-
pean species, narrower behind, more convex on top. Eyes rather small,
placed at forward angles of head, prominent, and separated from occiput by
very curved line. The inner hind angles much produced and rounded, with
no appearance of facets, which occur in other species, with exception of ^E.
affinis, which wants facets in inner part of produced angle. Occiput longer,
hind angle sharper and notched behind at almost a right angle ; a spot on
each side of median line, Avhich forms a ridge ; polLshed bands on hind
angles. Antennae differ in having third joint only half lengtli of fourth.
Mask reaching middle legs, less gradually enlarged, enlargement being
chiefly of apical third ; more produced at middle third of front border, cleft
narrower, and comb of hairs longer. Palpus shorter, more denticulated ;
movable hoolv not meeting the base of oppo.site one, nearly as thick at base
as palpus. Prothorax small, a little wider than liind border of occiput, more
rounded behind. Stigmata uncovered. Processes not much separated ; an-
terior nearly twice as long as posterior. Legs shorter and stronger ; hind
less reachincj middle seventh sejrraent ; femora somewhat arcuated. Wing-
cases reaching fourth segment. Abdomen long, slender, broadest at middle,
tapering gradually, smooth ; four dark spots in middle of each segment, two
on each side, and near margin two polislied impressions. Segments nearly
equal in length, except tentli, wliich is somewhat shorter. Lateral spines
small on segments six to nine ; only indicated on sixth sometimes ; that on
nintli only one third length of tenth segment. Appendages short and l)lunt,
a little longer than segment ten. Inferiors cut obliquely, middle one nearly
as long, cut straight at tip, not notched. Lateral superiors nearly as long as
middle one, bluntly pointed. Male projection large, conical, rounded, more
than half lengtii of lateral superiors. Male genitals slightly marked ; female
valve not reaching end of ninth segment.

The nymphaj described are the types of Hagen, Stett. Zeit, XIV. p. 268,
and Brauer, Neur. Austr. j). xvi.

28 THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODUXATA.

GOMPH^SCHNA.

Body long, slender. Eyes rather small. Abdomen with lateral spines
on segments five to nine. Appendages as long as segments nine and ten.
Inferiors sharp, bent inward at tip ; middle one a little shorter, sharp, bifid at
tip ; laterals very short.

21. GOMPHiESCHNA FURCILLATA.

Plate II. Fig. i.
Say. Hagen, Synopsis N. Amer. Neur. p. 131.

Two nymphfB, in alcohol, yoimg. Length, 20 mm. ; breadtli, 7 mm.
(figured). Locality, Berkshire, Tioga County, N. Y. Three male and fe-
male, length, .32 mm., Brookline, Mass. Two young, Cambridge, Mass.

Head large, very broad ; length less than half the breadth, much nar-
rower behind. Eyes very prominent, placed at forward angles, separated
from occipnt by very cnrved line ; space between the eyes wide, convex.
Posterior portion formed of three orbicular elevations, showing the indica-
tions of ocelli more distinctly than in the other species. Antenna3 small,
third joint somewhat longer than fonrth. Occiput short, rough, with yel-
lowish scales, sides oblique : hind angles somewhat more than a right angle,
with parallel polished bands ; elliptical polished spot on each side of median
line ; hind border not very deeply notched. Mask extending to between
middle legs gradually enlarged forward. Middle third of front border rather
strongly produced ; cleft and with a well defined tooth on each side of cleft.
Palpus meeting the opposite one, straight on tip, somewhat arcuated; inner
border rounded and finely denticulated ; end hook small ; movable hook
bent, reaching base of opposite one. Prothorax narrow, as broad as occiput,
somewhat bent up at sides. Processes conical, sharp, enclosing rather less
than right angle ; posterior somewhat shortest and not so sharp. Legs
rather strong, arcuated ; hind legs reaching segment eight. Femora and
tibio3 ringed twice with darker color. Wing cases reaching somewhat be-
yond second segment. Abdomen stout in proportion ; lateral spines on seg-
ments five to nine, strong ; that on ninth nearly as long as tenth segment ;
tenth segment as long as ninth. Appendages stout, sharp, hairy, as long as
two last segments. Inferiors pyramidal, sharp, and somewhat curved inward;
middle one nearly as long as inferiors, and split at tip ; lateral superiors only
one fourth as long as middle one, conical. Male projection conical, as long as

THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODONATA. 29

the latei'al superiors. Male genitals indicated ; female valve, in young speci-
men, — only 19 mm. long, — only half length of segment, hairy. There is
a smaller specimen in the coll., Lee Co., Virginia, length, 12 mm., similar ;
differs only in having the middle appendix more widely split and the in-
feriors more curved.

This determination is only conjectural, as G. furcillata has in imago the
inferior appendage of the male bifid. Perhaps the young nympha from
Virginia may belong to G. antilope.

NEURJESCHNA.

Similar to Gomphseschna ; movable hook, extending somewhat beyond
the base of opposite one. Lateral spines on segments four to nine. Ap-
pendages long, middle one as long as infei'ior.?, pointed ; laterals very short.

22. NEUR^SCHNA VINOSA (QUADRIGUTTATA).

Plate II. Fig. 3.
Say. Hagen, Sj'nopsis N. Amer. Nenr. p. 130. ,

Nine nymphre, male and female, full-grown and young, in alcohol.
Length, 35 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm. Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool. Locality, Berk-
shire, Tioga County, N. Y., from M. A. Mayer; Kentucky; Vermont; Lake
Superior.

Long, rather stout. Head as in G. furcillata. Eyes broader at inner
hind angles. Vertex shorter. Ocelli hardly indicated ; antenna^, third joint,
as long as first and second ; fourth more than half leno-th of third ; following
as long as fourth. Occi[)ut notched behind. Sides oblique ; parallel bands
on hind angles less defined. Ma.sk extending to between middle legs, rather
narrow in proportion; middle third of front border produced in obtuse lobe,
cleft, and with a black tooth on each side of cleft. Palpus .similar to G. fur-
cillata. Movable hook reaching somewhat beyond base of opposite one.
Prothorax similar. Processes more prominent, .'^harp, of nearly equal length,
and enclosing rather less than right angle. Anterior more comisressed.
Legs rather stouter in proportion, .short ; hind legs reaching seventh seg-
ment. Femora and tibia3 with two paler rings. Tar.sd joint darker at end.
Wing cases reaching .somewhat beyond middle of fourth segment. Abdo-
men straighter at side than Gomphteschna; rough,- marked with eight polished
impressions. Lateral spines on segments four to nine, those on ninth nearly

30 THE IMMATURE STATE OF THE ODOXATA.

;i.s lon^^ as tenth segment. Appendages a little shorter than segments nine
and ten, stout, sharp, hairj. Inferiors triangular, sharp ; middle appendage
as long as inferiors, sharp-pointed at tip; lateral superiors short, less than one
fourtli length of n^iddle one, blunt. Male projection as long as laterals,
triangular, rounded at tip ; female valve half length of ninth segment, hairy
at edges. There is a young specimen in tlie collection, 17 mm., similar.

The above determination is conjectural. There is no other described
species to which this nympha seems so likely to belong.

BPI^SCHNA.

Hagen Ms's.

Body stout ; antennae six-jointed, sixth longest, pointed. Prothovax
bluntly pointed at outside angles. Legs short in proportion. Abdomen
large and broad. Segments four to nine have lateral spines; inferior and
middle appendages of equal length.

23. EPI^SCHNA HEROS.

Plate I. Fig. 3.

^schna Heros. Fab. Ent. Pyst. Suppl. p. 285.
Hagen. Synopsis, N. Anier. Neur. p. 12S.

Nympha, female, full-grown, alcoholic. Length, 50 mm.; breadth, 12 mm.
Locality unknown ; Portland, Me., raised by Mr. Jones. Coll. Comp. Zool.

Stout, head large, rather convex, slopes rather abruptly at sides. Eyes
rather small in proportion, prominent, egg-shaped, prolonged obliquely at
inner angles in a lobe which is divided by a linear impression, in front of
Avhich the lobe has indications of flicets, behind rough and like occiput,
except just along border of occiput, where it is obscurely facetted. Vertex
rather above the level of the eyes ; indications of ocelli on posterior por-
tion ; anterior semicircular, small. Antennae six-jointed, small ; third longer
than fourth, somewhat shorter than the two basals ; sixth longer than fourth
and fifth together, pointed. Occiput longer than fore part of head,, rough-
ened by small black tubercles; sides oblique, rounded at hind angles; rather
deeply notched behind ; ^^olishcd liands on hind angles. Mask extending to
middle legs, enlarged at apical half rather abruptly, and rounded at sides;
middle third of foreborder not much produced, cleft rather shallow, on each
side of cleft a small tooth. Palpus meeting opposite one, cut straight at end,

THE IMMATUEE STATE OF THE ODOXATA. 31

lower angle produced in tooth, inner edge shnrply denticulated. Movable
hook, sharp, bent, not reaching base of opposite one. Prothorax small,
nearly as broad as occiput, notched in front; median line impressed; front
angles produced and sharp. Processes long, not very sharp, not much sep-
arated ; posterior half as long as anterior. Legs short, of nearly equal
length, middle legs reaching seventh segment ; femora somewhat bent.
Wing cases nearly reaching segment five. Abdomen broad, rounded above,
rounded off rather abruptly beyond seventh segment. Segments of nearly
equal length, tenth shortest, almost smooth ; eight dark points on each seg-
ment, as in B. pratense. Stout lateral spines on segments four to nine,
smaller on four and five. Lateral spines on segment nine only one third
length of tenth segment. Appendages stout, blunt, one half longer than
segment ten. Lateral inferiors cut obliquely at tip ; middle a little notched
on tip, as long as inferiors. Lateral superiors cylindrical, strong, pointed,
somewhat more than half the length of middle one. Female A'alve reach-
ing end of segment nine. There are in the collection two very young male
nymphae, 20 and 22 mm. long ; one from Medford, Mass., very similar to the
above. AntenniB six-jointed, male projection just indicated, conical, flat,
shorter than the lateral superiors.

The peculiar features, unusual number of joints of antennae, etc., were strong
reasons for referring it, even before it was raised, to Epiteschna Heros, which
is the largest species living in this country, and differs so considerabl}- from
other species as to form a new genus.

.aiSCHNA ? ?

Body stout, short, broad in proportion. Head, length half breadth.
Eyes in anterior half of head, orbicular, rather small comparatively, pro-
longed at inner hind angles in narrow and extended lobe. Antenna' five (?),
jointed, third joint longest. Mask extending to middle legs, small compar-
atively ; middle third of foreborder produced in cleft lobe, having a small
tooth on each side of cleft. Legs strong, long, and with femora notched at
upper edge ; hind legs more separated at base than fore and middle legs.
Abdomen rather rounded behind than tapering ; tenth .segment enclo.sed
in ninth. Dorsal spines on all segments ; lateral spines on all segments.
Appendages short, stout, sharp on tip ; middle one blunt. Male projection
conical.

This curious nympha was referred to Gomphina at first, with which it

32 THE IMMATUEE STATE OF THE ODONATA.

agrees more in general appearance than with ^Eschnina. The three-jointed
tarsi and slender antenna; are like Cordulegaster, from which, however, it
is excluded by the diflerent shape of mask, which again refers it to
^schnina.

A nearer determination is now not possible.

24. -ffiSCHNA (?) SPECIES.

Plate HI. Fig. 3.

Male nympha, dried. Length, 37 mm. ; breadth, 13 mm. Locality, La
Guayra, Venezuela.

Stout, short, broad, somewhat depressed, in general looking like some
forms of Gomphus. Head, body, and legs covered with cylindrical or pyr-
amidal spines, dark at the base and light-yellow at upper portion, which has
a slight depression, in which there may be an orifice. The spines point
backward, and vary in size. Head large ; breadth, twice length. Eyes
prominent, prolonged at the inner angle into a triangular lobe, which in the
specimen is wrinkled so as to have appearance of vanes of a feather. Sit-
uated in front of this is a polished ridge lighter in color. Upper lip very
large. Vertex rather wide and slightly convex ; posterior portion showing
indications of ocelli. Antennaa rather short, five-jointed ; two basal joints
globular ; third as long as both basals, cylindrical ; fourth shorter than fifth,
which is also shorter than third and pointed. It is possible there may be
two more rudimentary joints; but from the single specimen, which has only
one of the antenna", it is impossible to decide. Occiput rather deeply notched,
sides oblique, hind angles rounded. Just back of eyes is a small conical
projection near each side. Mask small in proportion, extending between
middle legs, narrow and gradually enlarged ; middle third of foreborder
somewhat produced, and cleft sarinounted by comb of light hairs, and with
a small tooth on each side of cleft. Palpus nearly if not quite smooth.
Movable hooks, slender, and bent near tip. Prothorax as broad as occiput ;
cut rather square at sides, and projected in rather sharp angle at forward
part. Stigmata entirely covered. Thorax rather long in proportion. Legs
strong, formed for running ; fore and middle legs of nearly equal length ; hind
legs longer, reaching ninth segment. The femora of all the legs are stouter
and shorter than the tibiie, and have a notched hook on the upper edge; tarsi
three-jointed. Proces.ses above fore legs of equal length ; posterior one tri-
angular, sharp ; anterior large, square, notched at tip. Abdomen stout,

THE niMATUEE STATE OF THE ODONATA. 33

broader than the thorax, and rather rounded behind than tapering. The
segments are produced at the sides in modified sjjines, giving the general
appearance of the abdomen's being notched and sliglitly turned up at the
edges. The segments have dorsal spines more developed on the third and
fourth segments than on the following. Segments of nearly equal length ;
ninth longest at sides, and enclosing the tenth, which is much shorter. Ap-
pendages short. Middle appendage pyramidal, two thirds as long as infe-
riors, blunt. Male projection one half length of middle appendage. Inferiors
three-cornered, length somewhat greater than breadth. Lateral superiors
less than half as long as middle one, very small, blunt, pyramidal. Genital
parts are visible on second and third ventral segments and valves on ninth.

It is very difficult to place this nympha. The mask is like ^Eschna in the
produced and cleft middle third of foreborder. The antenna) have two
joints less than iEschna(?) as far as can be seen. The legs have three-
jointed tarsi, as in jEschna, but are not equally distant at base, as is the
case in all known forms of yEschna, while the notched appearance of upper
edge of femora is wholly peculiar. The processes above front legs are
J^schna-like, there being no such formation in Gomphina. The form of
abdomen is more like Gomphus than ^schna, as are the dorsal hooks ;
the sides of abdomen are more like Gomphus and Hagenius, as is also
the enclosed tenth segment. The appendages are peculiar, but more like
Gomphus than iEschna. The entirely closed stigmata are again unlike
^Eschnina. The imago is perhaps still unknown. It may belong to
Staurophlebia, but is certainly not iEschna or Anax. The large size of
upper lip would suggest Zonophora among Gomjihina, but Cordulegaster is
the only known genus of Gomphina having three-jointed tarsi, and the form
of the mask is quite unlike that of Cordulegaster. The marked and peculiar
sculpture is unlike iEschnina and Gomphina, unless in some species of North
American ^Eschnina, which show a somewhat similar sculpture. Altogether,
the nympha is the most peculiar observed.

A second specimen of this nympha, in the collection of Professor Rosen-
hauer, in Erlangen, Bavaria, is stated to be received from Chili. Perhaps the
aberrant nympha may belong to a species of the aberrant genus Petalia.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.

SUBFAMILY u^SCHNINA.

DIVISION I. — Antennae Sevenwoixted.

A. Head longer than broad ; mask extending through hind legs ; front border of mask
in the middle with two sharjj triangular lobes.

Oynacantha Hamb. (Supposition.)

Body very slender, flattened; head long; eyes small, not very prominent, slightly pro-
duced at inner hind angles ; occiput sharply prolongated behind on each side ; mask long,
narrow ; lateral spines on segments six to nine.

1. G. spec.

Nympha, fnll-gi-own. Brazil, South Carolina, and Florida.

Characters of the genus : appendages sharp ; the middle one as long as the inferiors, cut
at tip, slightly notched ; laterals a little shorter ; male projection conical.

B. Head broader than long.
Ana:s Leach.

The giants of the family. Body long, stout ; eyes large, more prominent in the middle
of the flat head ; mask extending beyond middle legs ; front border produced in a short
rounded lobe, cleft in middle; legs slender; abdomen large; lateral spines on segments seven to
nine; appendages strong, sharp, the middle one shorter, notched; laterals half as long; male
projection short, cut at tip ; female valves shorter than the segment.

2. A. Formosus Vander Linden. (Raised.)

Europe ; full-grown nj'mplue.

The two processes above first legs short, broad at tip; in right angle, the posterior
larger; both enclosing a right angle; lateral appendages sharply pointed; male projection
cut straight.

36 SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.

3. A. Mauricianiis Rambur. (Supposition.)

Nympba, full-grown, male and female, ilauritius Isl. ; Zanzibar.

Similar to A. formosus ; processes blunt, enclosing an obtuse angle ; mask more suddenly
enlarged ; middle appendage nearly as long as inferiors.

4. A. Junius Drury. (Raised.)

Nymphoe, full-grown and young, male and female. United States.

Processes similar to A. formosus, more obtuse at tip, equal in size ; lateral appendages
cylindrical, pointed suddenly at tip; male projection notched at tip.

5. A. Julius Brauer. (Supposition.)

Nymphse, male and female. Japan.

Processes and lateral appendages similar to A. formosus; male jjrojection as in A. Junius.

6. A. GuttatUS Burm. (Supposition.)

Nymphas, full-grown, male and female. Marshall Isl., Pacific Ocean.

Body more elongated ; processes inequal, anterior blunt, posterior smaller, angular behind ;
enclosing a very obtuse angle, with small median notch ; male projection narrow at tip, cut
square.

7. A. Amazili Burm. (Supposition.)

Nympha?, full-grown, male and female. Jamaica ; Central America.

Similar to A. Junius, Init more elongated ; processes of equal length and size, enclosing
a very obtuse angle ; lateral appendages sharply pointed ; male projection shorter ; notched
at tip.

8. A. spec.

Nymphae, male and female. East India.

Similar to A. Junius ; processes more blunt, posterior smaller, enclosing an obtuse angle ;
lateral appendages abruptly pointed ; male projection notched at tip.

^schna Fabr.

Body, long, stout ; head large ; eyes very prominent at the forecorner ; mask extending to
middle legs, broad, front border slightly produced in round or ol>lique lobe, cleft; legs longer,
stouter; abdomen broader; lateral spines on segments six to nine, or five to nine, or four to
nine ; appendages long, sharp ; male projection conical ; female valves reaching tip of segment.

A. Lateral spines on sixth to ninth segments ; no teeth on front border of mask ; lateral
ap2}endar/es shorter than the inferiors ; viiddle one notehed at tip.

9. 2C Rufescens Vander Lind. (Raised.)

Nymphse, full-grown, male and female. Europe,

Hind angles of head rounded ; mask large, gradually enlarged ; processes enclosing an

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 37

aoiite angle, triangular, sharp, the anterior half length of the posterior; lateral appendages only-
one fourth shorter than inidiUe one.

10. ,33. Grandis Linn. (Raised.)

Nyniph.TP, full-grown, male and female. Eurojie,

Hind angles of head more oblique ; mask similar to JE. rufescens ; processes longer, more
separated, of equal length, sharp, bent a little outwards, the anterior rather slender ; lateral
appendages about half the length of the middle one.

11. .ffi. Cyanea Muell. (Raised.)

Njmph.T, full-grown, male and female. Europe.

Hind angles of he.ad olilique ; basal half of mask, narrower ; processes short, about of
equal length, enclosing a right angle ; posterior larger, rounded in sides ; lateral appendages
half length of middle one.

12. ,33. Juncea Linn. (Raised.)

Nymphre, full-grown, male and fem.ale. Europe.

Similar to JE. cyanea ; anterior process half length of posterior, much smaller,

13. JE. Viridis Eversm, (Raised.)

Nyinphse, full-grown, male and female. Europe.

Similar to JE. rufescens ; hind angles of head more oblique ; processes of equal length,
sharp tips a little bent outwards, enclosing right angle; lateral ajjpendages half length of
middle one.

14. JE. Mixta Latr. (Raised.)

Nymphfe, full-grown, male and female. Europe.

Similar to M. cyanea ; hind angles of head rounded ; mask gradually enlarged at apical
third; processes blunt, stout, equal in length, anterior narrower; not much separated; lateral
appendages about half length of middle one.

15. ^. Affinis Vander Lind. (Raised.)

Nympha, full-grown, male. Europe.

Similar to JE. mixta, more slender ; processes blunt, very slightlj' separated, of equal
length and size ; lateral appendages shorter.

B. Lateral sinnes on fifth in ninth segments ; no teeth on front border of mask ; lateral
appendages shorter than the inferiors ; middle one notched at tip.

16. .33. Eremitica Scudder. (Supposition.)

Nymphsp, full-growai, male and female. Arctic America and New Hampshire.

Similar to JE. rufescens ; hind angles of head oblique ; processes long, equal, sharp, tips
bent a little outwards, enclosing less than right angle ; lateral appendages two thirds length
of middle one ; female valves not quite reaching tip of segment.

38 SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES DESCRIBED.

17. JSj. Constricta Say. (Eaised.)

Nymphse, full-grown, male and female. United States.

Similar to ^. eremitica, more slender ; apical half of mask less enlarged ; processes sim-
ilar, less sharp, the anterior less bent outwards, the posterior a little larger ; lateral spine of
segment fifth generally only indicated ; lateral appendages longer than half the middle one.

C. Lateml sjiines on sixth to ninth segments ; front harder of mask with two small
teeth ; tip of middle appendacje notched.

18. .Sschna spec.

Nymphw full-grown, male and female. Himalaya.

Similar to Anax, very long ; processes blunt, posterior more prominent, enclosing obtuse
angle ; lateral appendages half length of middle one, abruptly pointed.

19. .Sischna spec.

Nymphse, full-grown, male and female. Brazil.

Stout, shape of ^E. grandis ; processes jirominont, sharp, the posterior longer, bent out-
wards ; enclosing right angle ; lateral appendages very sharp, length of the inferiors.

Brachytron Evans.

Body long, slender ; head smaller, rather convex above, much narrower behind ; front
border of mask produced in oblique angle, cleft ; legs shorter ; abdomen long, narrow ; appen-
dages short, middle one a little shorter than inferiors, cut at tip ; laterals shorter ; male projec-
tion conical ; female valves not reaching tip of segment.

*

20. B. Pratense Mueller. (Raised.)

NymphfE, full-grown, male and female. Europe.

Processes slightly separated, sharp, the posterior half length of the anterior ; lateral spines
on sixth to ninth segments.

, Gomphceschiia Selys.

Body long, slender ; eyes small ; lateral spines on segments five to nine ; middle appen-
dage a little shorter than the inferiors, bifid at tip.

21. Gr. Furcillata Say. (Supposition.)

N3'mpha>, male and female, nearly full-grown. United States.

Characters of genus ; processes conical, sharp, posterior shorter, enclosing less than right
angle.

Neuraeschna Selys.

Similar to Gomphoeschna ; lateral sj^ines on segments four to nine ; appendages long, the
middle one as long as the inferiors ; all sharply pointed.

SYiS^OPSIS OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 39

22. N. Vinosa Say. (Supposition.)

Nymphoe, full-grown, male and female. United States.

Similar to G. furcillata. Characters of genus : processes prominent, sharp, of equal length,
enclosing less than right angle ; body rough.

DIVISION II. — Antenn.e Six-jointed.

Epiceschna Selys.

Similar to zEschna ; antennte six-jointed ; lateral spines on segments four to nine ; in-
ferior and middle appendages of equal length.

23. E. Heros Fabr. (Eaised.)

Nymphfe, full-grown, male and female. United States.

Characters of genus : processes long, the posterior half as long as anterior, not much sep-
arated ; middle appendage a little notched at tij).

DIVISION III. — Antenn.e Five- jointed.

.ffischna??

24. Species Nova

Nympha, male. La Guayra, Venezuel.a, and Chili.

Genus and species very abnormal. Cf. the description. Perhaps belonging to Gomphina
and to genus Petalia.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

[a, sideview ; l>, Uiliiuin ; c, appendages; d, processes above the base of first pair of legs;

e, front view of the liead.]

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Auax formosus.

" 2. Anax Junius.

" 3. EpifBschna heros.

" 4. iEschna species. No. 19.

PLATE TL

Fig. 1. JSschna grandis.

" 2. .(Eschna eremitica.

" 3. NeuriT?sehna vinosa.

" 4. Gomphseschna furcillata.

PLATE III.

Fig. 1. .lEsehna constricta.
" 2. Gynacantha species. 'No. 1.
" 3. Species. No. 24.

PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. .Esclina juncea.
" 2. Jischna species. No. 18.
" 3. .iEschna cyanea.

PLATE V.

Fig. 1. Brachytron pratense.

" 2. jEschua mixta.

" 3. ^schna affinis.

'•' 4. .iEscluia rufescens.

" 5. iEschna viridis.

Family Aeschnina.

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Family Aeschnina.

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Family Aeschnina.

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Family Aeschnina.

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A.Mt'isol.luli

Family Aeschnma.

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